Write report of CESIM simulation of Production n R n D department Essay

Compose report of CESIM reproduction of Production n R n D division - Essay Example The executive accountable for creation offers help to fulfill the requests of all the three mainlands. Moreover, the head of creation has extra obligations of dealing with assembling agreements to flexibly enough items for redistributing. The Research and Development (R&D) office manages upgrades and advancements in new innovation (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 89). The division offers data new methods of creating and improving items, which encourages the extension of organization business exercises just as creation and request. Researchers recognize that organizations have a basic to play in the assembling procedure inside their activities (Johnson, Whittington, and Scholes, 2011, 67-8). The executives of similar builds the upper hand of the organization against rivals in the market. Huge connections exist among flexibly and request the board subsequently the organization should embrace careful examination dependent on either gracefully shifter or request shifter as ecological variables. It is conceivable to assess the limit of the organization to manage the assembling procedure of the business in fulfilling client requests. What's more, it shows the capacity of the firm to limit the expense of creatio n that resounds with the interest the board. From the showcasing standpoint perspective and taking a gander at the interest for cell phones, it is seen that the interest for handsets has essentially expanded since travelers can utilize the cell phones even in the planes. Taking a gander at the cost investigation, the transportation cost expected to fall by about 6% while the creation cost is required to stay unaltered. The seriousness of the economy of China has brought about its national bank selling tremendous measures of Rmb in the FX advertise. This has thusly made Rmb fall by around 10% against the USD as the Euro additionally bounce back (Cesim,

Differnent types of document creating software Essay

Layering †when inside a similar record you place pictures stacked on each otherâ Template-a standard archive with pre-set designs and formats.â Justification †adding additional areas to content to adjust the edges so the lines start/end at a similar spot on a page . You can left/right/focus/completely justifiedâ Orientation †what direction the page is orientated †scene or portraitâ Wizard-a UI which presents the client with a succession of exchange boxes which manage the client through the undertaking . Font style-a lot of printable/displayable book character/s in a particular style and size. Footer †a zone put aside at the base of each pageâ Mail consolidate †a word preparing highlight that permits clients to customize letters with names/addresses from a databaseâ Web-composing programming †a web writing bundle that is intended to permit you to make pages and web sitesâ Resizing †modify the size of an imageâ Rotating †movingâ Shearing †assembling two pictures to make an optical figment Cropping †evacuating parts you don’t need Editing-changing or adjusting 5 highlights of a PPT that couldn't be utilized in a composed report 1. Sound 2. Pictures. 3. Sound 4. Hues 5. Livelinesss Spell check is utilized to feature off base spellings so they can be adjusted . Contrasts words entered and words in a word reference. After spell check the reports like should be edited in light of the fact that regardless of whether the spellings are correct , the sentence may not bode well. 3 highlights of web composing programming you could use to make a websiteâ Creating headings and subheadingsâ Inserting joins Views †standard (like word processor screen) , code see (HTML) , Split view (Both perspectives) Ways to move pictures from a database to a site: Duplicate and pastingâ Importing CAD †represents Computer helped structure . It is the utilization of innovation for structures . It is typically utilized by engineers . Structures can be planned utilizing it. Computer aided design advantages:â You can be more exact than hand drawingâ You can spare/alter thoughts so it’s simpler/less expensive to modifyâ You can alter existing thoughts which spares time. Depict 3 highlights of DTP programming that could be utilized when planning a handout: 1. Content can be styled utilizing text styles and hues 2. Foundation hues can be changed for squares of content/pictures. 3. Page format formats each page can have a similar design. Depict 3 highlights of a site that empower clients to buy products on the web: There’s a shopping basket where you can include every one of your things and there’s an all out sumâ There’s an alternative to set up a record this is so returning clients don't have to reappear informationâ Between the retailers site and the bank the installment is made , the information is encoded. Portray 5 highlights of word-preparing programming you may use to make the data clearerâ content wrapping †the content can be orchestrated a picture so it’s simpler to peruse. Boldâ Italicsâ Underlining textâ Colors Web 2. 0 †is where the Internet turned out to be genuinely intelligent, with clients turning into the most significant segment of numerous locales. This advantages as they can show signs of improvement advertising. Applications that utilization this are RSS and Twitter. Depict how you can utilize ICT to make and use graphs while introducing information from a spreadsheet. You can enter all your data into an exceed expectations report with all the headings along the top and the data in columns underneath. At that point you select all the cells containing data and go to â€Å"insert† and afterward select the graph you need. When the graph has been included you can go to â€Å"chart design† and change the diagram . What is the most appropriate sort of programming for each of these task:â Write a letter to clients †word preparing softwareâ Create a pamphlet about tennis exercises DTP Create a website page that permits clients to put orders online-Web Authoring Softwareâ Editing computerized pictures †illustrations softwareâ Storing student’s subtleties Data taking care of programming Present data to deals staff †introduction softwareâ Produce a mail-blended arrangement of letters †Database CAM-Computer supported plan is a product utilized by designers and draftsmen to control machine instruments in the assembling of work pieces. You can make an exact drawing on CAD and afterward make that 2D plan physical by utilizing CAM to make the article. Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Communications segment.

How to Write a Philosophy Term Paper

How to Write a Philosophy Term Paper The Best Approach to Write on Philosophy Term Paper Topics Writing a philosophy term paper is very challenging because it differs from writing assignments in other college courses, even in humanities. What makes a good philosophy paper? A good paper in philosophy consists of the reasoned defense of some claim so it must offer an argument which clearly presents the rationale for the claims that you make in your paper. You should consider your philosophy paper as an attempt to persuade your readers to accept your position. That’s why you should not start your paper with expressing ideas that your opponents will refuse to accept. If you want to succeed in persuading your audience, you should start with some common assumptions that everybody is likely to agree to. A good paper in philosophy is rather moderate and makes a small point, but this point is stated clearly and straightforwardly. Besides, it is supported by convincing arguments. That’s why you should not be over-ambitious. A good philosophy paper has to be original, demonstrate some independent thinking, and have contemplative critical responses to the philosophy works you read. Many students find the mere thought of writing a term paper on philosophy intimidating, so we’ve put together 10 key rules that will help you understand how to write a term paper in philosophy. We’ll take you through the preparation stages, explain how to structure your paper, and give you some advice on how to avoid the most common errors. Know the study material Spend some time planning to work out what your research question is asking for. Assignments in philosophy usually ask you to consider certain thesis or argument, usually presented by another philosopher and do one of the following things: explain it, give an argument that supports it, offer your objection to it, evaluate some arguments for and against it, discuss the possible consequences of it, etc. You should do some reading and make notes on it. Write a structured term paper outline First, plan what you want to say and determine the order you want to say it. What is a philosophy term paper outline? There are different approaches to outlining a term paper in philosophy, but typically, a philosophy paper should have sections where you present someone’s point of view and parts in which you assess that viewpoint, and present your own position in the process. Say what you are going to argue Write an introduction and explain what you are going to argue. Formulate your thesis clearly and concisely. Provide some background information and present different stages of your argument to provide your audience with a map of what to expect from your paper. Argue to your conclusion This is the main focus of your philosophy paper. Make your arguments as convincing as you can. In order to make your argument stronger, you should anticipate and answer objections to it. Try to be as concise as possible, if you use unnecessary words, you may distract and confuse your reader. Make the structure of your term paper obvious Use connective words like since, therefore, consequently, however, on the other hand, etc. to show your reader where your discussion is going. Remind your readers what you have done so far and explain what your next step is going to be. Write clearly and concisely Philosophy is a complex field of knowledge so you should try to use straightforward style and explain your point as clear as possible before you move to the next one. Give examples and definitions Philosophy is abstract and hard to understand so good examples are the best way to make your claims clearer. Consider opposing views Present and assess different views on the topic. When doing this, you present competing answers and give your reasons for rejecting them. Avoid common errors that students make You should avoid common things that cause students to lose marks, such as repetition, irrelevance, ambiguous or vague language, inaccurate interpretation of somebody’s position, poor arguments. Redraft your final paper Before submitting your philosophy paper, read it and check for different pitfall that we have mentioned. You’d better write several drafts of your paper to be sure that your arguments are clear to your reader and your style is perfect. Now that you know 10 essential rules for writing a great philosophy paper, you can apply them for any type of writing in philosophy, for example, a political philosophy term paper. Where to Find Interesting Philosophy Term Paper Ideas It might be difficult to find original ideas for philosophy projects. You can use some effective keywords and search term to google for primary and secondary sources such as online books, philosophy databases, scholarly articles, and websites of philosophy departments at universities. For your term paper, you will need to have an opinion on a certain issue and argue your position in a clear and logical manner. You can take some fundamental and eternal philosophical questions that exist since the dawn of the mankind. If you are looking for good philosophy term paper topics, you can take an old debate on some important issue and update it for the 21st century. Philosophy is a complicated field of knowledge and writing philosophy projects may be too challenging. It requires strong analytical and critical thinking skills and outstanding communication skills to convey complex ideas effectively. If you struggle with your philosophy papers, you can get professional help with completing any project on our custom paper writing service. Our qualified writers have necessary experience and skills to cope with any rare or unusual topic and present a piece of writing that is perfect in content and style.

2008 Financial Crisis Essay - 2286 Words

Question 1 Hank Paulson played a critical role in the financial crisis of 2008. How did Mr. Paulson help create the environment that led up to the financial crisis? What mistakes did he make as Secretary of Treasury when he had to manage the financial crisis of 2008? Do you think Mr. Paulson acted as an unbiased Secretary of the Treasury or did his background at Goldman impact his thinking and his actions? As Secretary of Treasury, Hank Paulson’s lax supervision let too many subprime mortgage bonds get into the market. The investment banks purchased this big short, which was like a time bomb. This was the environment, which Mr. Paulson created to lead up to the financial crisis. In March 2008, the Wall Street fifth investment bank,†¦show more content†¦In this sense, the crisis in Europe today is actually above fiscal and political. In short, the first task of European leadership today is to rebuild the European idea. Even in the debt crisis now, the central European entity has the ability to ensure revenue at the federal level to provide everyone public goods. EU need to remind everyone that the stable life and the rising prosperity European public, even the whole world, have now has been due to the path toward unity. There is no doubt that the European integration’s contribution on Economic prosperity and absence of war. That is why more European integration, n ot less, is the only solution to whatever problems they encountered and they will meet in future. Question 3 What firm bears the greatest responsibility for the financial crisis of 2008? What was this firm willing to do that no other firm was willing to do? Did this firm survive the initial year of the financial crisis and is the firm still in existence? What role did Warren Buffet play in the financial crisis? How many investment banks paid the price for the financial crisis? Who were they? Were some investment banks actually rewarded as a result of the financial crisis? If so, how were they rewarded? As the bankruptcy protection of Lehman Brothers, lots of company that invested in Lehman would be the next victims in the financial crisis,Show MoreRelatedFinancial Crisis 20085972 Words   |  24 PagesCORPORATE FINANCE THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS 2008 Group’s member:Nguyá »â€¦n NhÆ ° Nam (C)Phan Thu AnNguyá »â€¦n Thà ¹y DungHoà  ng Bà ¡ SÆ ¡nNgà ´ Thá »â€¹ à nh Tuyá º ¿tDate: 28/11/2014 | AbstractIn 2008 the world was fell into the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1929-1933. Although this crisis has gone, however, its consequences for the economy of many countries is very serious, even now many nations are still struggling to escape difficulty. Just in a short period, the crisis originating from AmericaRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis 20083250 Words   |  13 Pages1. Introduction Shah (2010) stated that the global financial crisis which has been brewing for a while has really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. It started with the default of the subprime housing loans in the United States when its housing bubble burst. It caused a great impact across the globe that first struck down major financial institutions, first in United States and then in Europe, that were directly exposed to the mortgage default risk. After theRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay2044 Words   |  9 PagesThe 2008 financial meltdown resulted in the most treacherous investment landscape observed since the great depression. The most notorious issue was the subprime mortgage crisis, which had a ripple effect felt through every market in the world. The banks, whose leverage rate should never have been higher than two times capitalization, surged as high as thirty to forty times market cap. With this level of exposure, any unforeseen market fluctuations could mean disaster. Lehman Brothers, the oldestRead MoreCauses of the 2008 Financial Crisis2661 Words   |  11 PagesTitle Date of Submission Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis a) Financial crisis definition Financial crisis is defined as the financial meltdown, or in other terms as the credit crunch. A financial crisis is an economic incidence makes it hard to obtain and access the capital for use in investment. The economic crisis is an ongoing economic problem that was more pronounced in 2008 resulting in the liquidity in the global credit markets and its financial systems (Berlatsky 77). This means thatRead MoreThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay2289 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted inRead MoreThe Financial Crisis And 2008 Is A Big International Crisis2051 Words   |  9 Pageshave a financial crisis, it depends on the government and banks, which means Australia might go to have a financial crisis in the further year. Banks can reduce the likelihood of having a financial crisis in countries. Many possible ways to have a financial crisis and 2008 is a big international crisis. Australia financial system helped the government to reduce the damage from the 2008 international crisis, ma ny countries except Australia have a serious problem and impact after the crisis. AustraliaRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe recent credit crunch. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professor of economics and international business at New York University, Kenneth Rogoff, professor of economics and public policy at Harvard University, and Nariman Behravesh, chief economist and executive vice president for IHS Global Insight, to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression ofRead MoreEffects Of The Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081763 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial crisis of 2007-2008 is widely considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1930s. The origin of this big storm dated back to the high home prices of the United States. After America’s entire investment banking system was attacked, many industries such as auto industry also went bankrupt. Unfortunately, it spread quickly to the whole world, causing huge damages to the global economy. Th erefore, my study will focus on the effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008Read MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Of 2007-20082489 Words   |  10 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 has been studied by several economists, and different causes have been identified, both primary and secondary, which intensified the overall impact of the crisis. In my view, the Global Financial Crisis resulted due to a culmination of several policies that interplayed with each other, and significantly influenced all sectors of the economy, from consumers to the government. In this essay, I will be addressing the main underlying causes of the crisis, how theyRead More2008 Financial Crisis: Icelands Then Now Essay examples1558 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Crisis On September 15, 2008, the American bank Lehman Brothers, with holdings over 600 billion USD, filed bankruptcy. This was by far the biggest bankruptcy in U.S history and it marked the beginning and the largest financial crisis ever. How can one of the biggest banks in the world fail? How can a bankruptcy in US make someone on the other side of the world unemployed? The answer is Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) and it all started by new innovations in the financial sector combined

We Do Abotions Here, Textual Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 450 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Marie Allbee Sallie Tisdale â€Å"We Do Abortions Here† In this paper, you will hear about a nurse’s experiences working at an abortion clinic from a literary and professional nursing prospective. It takes place in the 1970’s when it was legal to perform these procedures. Sallie Tisdale offers you a very detailed and upfront explanation of what an abortion really is. I believe that the many different circumstances and situations given in this text will help give people a different perspective on how we judge others. Sallie Tisdale was an American nurse and essayist, with her writing based upon health and medical issues. She was born in 1957, in Eureka, California. She earned a B. S. in Nursing at the University of Portland in 1983. She has won many awards and honors for her work, including being deemed a â€Å"National Endowment for the Arts† fellow in 1989. The story of â€Å"We Do Abortions Here† was published in Harper’s Magazin e in 1990. The nurse that works at this clinic enjoys her job and her co-workers. She cannot show her true emotions and let people know what she truly feels. Many different people come through her office, but there is some sort of similarity between all of them. Some are married, single, too young, they’ve been raped, or not capable of providing for a child. Most of these women are scared and confused, and are just looking for someone to support them in their decisions. In the story, she begins by telling you of a patient she will see. She’s 18 and pregnant for the fourth time, uses drugs regularly with her dirty needle marks in the open. But his is nothing new because the people that see her all have a different story with the same ending. You will find a couple that has become pregnant on accident. The husband wants nothing to do with having another baby and would like to know if it is a boy, so he can punish his wife for her mistakes. Apparently, some spouses have the right to abort if it is not the sex that they had wanted. If you listen to some of these circumstances, you would understand why these women choose to abort. When the author gives you the detailed description of the procedure, it is almost gut wrenching. It is just that graphic and she compares it to having a manicure †quick, cheap, and painless†. The doctors who practice these procedures have the final say on how far in the pregnancy they will perform an abortion. Some doctors will have a gestation limit or a limit on the amount performed on a patient, yet others will manipulate the rules to make their own. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "We Do Abotions Here, Textual Analysis" essay for you Create order

American family Free Essays

There are three common characteristics that would Impact types of marriages that have on family definitions. Monogamous, polygamous, and arranged marriages. Monogamous is where the family stays out of the decision. We will write a custom essay sample on American family or any similar topic only for you Order Now Polygamous is where they have multiple options, which is illegal in the US. This type of marriage finds it k to have multiple families. Arranged marriages are where the family of the bride and groom negotiate an arrangement before the two parties enter Into a relationship. . Family Is a group of two people or more related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together. Household refers to all people who occupy a housing unit regardless of relationship. They should be viewed different because people that live together doesn’t necessarily have to be related, which makes it a household. 3. The United States include fewer marriages, fewer children, later age of marriage, which causes an increase in single-parent families and step families. 4. Marriage is in decline. 5. The positive effects of family of origin Is high levels of parental affection during holding are associated with an improved ability to regulate negative emotions in childhood, high levels of parental warmth during childhood are associated with better physical health in adulthood, parents who are involved in their children’s school activates have children with higher educational aspirations, and children whose parents model and explain financial tasks to them are better prepared to take on financial roles and responsibilities themselves. The negative effects of family of origin Is early exposure to violence in the family correlates with positive attitudes award marital violence, mothers with maladaptive eating habits may increase the likelihood of their daughters developing disorders, lack of parental affection and high levels of conflict at home may result in poor emotion regulation and maladaptive coping styles, children from divorced families are more likely to get divorced themselves and people who perceived their family of origin as less healthy are more likely to have negative attitudes toward marriage. . Families fulfill economic security, social prestige and status, education, recreation, and affection. . A race Is a group of people who are classified according to their skin color. An ethnic group is a group of people characterized by cultural factors, such as language, religion, and shared customs, that are passed from one generation to the next which can impact the definition of family. 8. Structural functi onalist view the family as a system that promotes the maintenance of society, with the traditional nuclear family as the Ideal form. Conflict theorists believe that individual family members are Involved In a instant power struggle and that conflict within families is necessary because it results in change and adaptation. Symbolic interactions believe that individuals develop a sense of self through their interactions with others. 9. The perspective of society, the perspective of small groups, and the perspective of the individual can be used to define families. 10. It has been said that step on it is the chilly of civilization. But In nutshell we can say that It’s a distinct way from another (pronominal) human pick out his rush, as it is given by other person. So it becomes the pop out of his identity. This identity influences several aspects of the hereafter such as society, politics; etcetera American society has endlessly been enriched by its waves of immigrants. And hence at that place is a requisite for statistics due to its evolution and diversity. Therefore the authentic bodily characters, the alleged (pronominal) unit characters, such as cranial profile and size, stature, the proportions of the baseless automobile trunk and the relative length of the limbs, eye excuse (blue, gray, Rene, low-spirited or BRB owners eyes), the lips, sensory hair color and texture, irrupt form,? skin color, facial type, absence or abundance of body hair, etc. Races were almost universally considered to reflect group differences in moral character and intelligence. Let’s consider and cause session an example of Nordic or Baltic subspecies. 11. The â€Å"golden age† of the asses was also a contributing factor to rising divorce rates in the asses and asses. When soldiers returned from the war, many omen were forced to give up their factory Jobs to make way for the returning veterans and encouraged to stay at home and assume domestic roles. As a result, birth rates increased and the average age at first marriage decreased. 2. Although they all appear to be closely related to reality to me, I would have to say functionalism. 13. The family stress is related to work obligations. Changing the attitudes by less long work hours, more family time, and household management in the workplace could be done to reduce or eliminate these stresses. 14. Yes, one loud argue that the strong reduction in community/neighborhood ties has impacted the strength of American Families. The community IS the American family. 15. Yes, it is best for a researcher to conduct both the qualitative and quantitative studies. 16. Qualitative research is likely based on the theoretical perspective. 17. A. Ask a question about a specific topic B. Do background research on the topic C. Formulate a hypothesis. D. Test your hypothesis by conducting research and gathering data. E. Analyze your data and decide on a conclusion. F. Write up the results. How to cite American family, Essays American family Free Essays There exists some fundamental differences between the 21st century American family and the 19th Century or early 20th Century American family. In sociological, political fronts, issues ranging from racism to cold war characterized the American family of the 1963. Eating habits were different and were influenced by economic activities as was the transport means commonly in use then. We will write a custom essay sample on American family or any similar topic only for you Order Now Back then, the typical American family was mostly made up of parents and children with a high affiliation to the extended family compared to today’s family. Back then the gender equity debate had not gained prominence. The male was widely considered as the sole bread winner and very few women compared to today were working although it is around this time that there was an upsurge in the number of women pursuing career lives. The American nation was back then an industrial power and therefore tasks for a husband included working in the industries, participating in various political meetings then dominated by the segregation debate. Depending on personal interest, political movements were something the ordinary American would participate in. Major cities in America had started experiencing transportation crisis by 1963, which means the average American was not walking to work as they owned automobiles especially those in the urban settings [Wilentz, 1984. 436-440]. The road transport was one of the widely used means of transport although for movement further outside the major cities, railway transport was a major transport mode. Air transport was not widely used as it is today, as the aviation industry was still not very developed. In the 1960s most women and indeed the girl child was not treated the same way as men by the society. The girl child was viewed as fit for some professions. It was rare to get women competing in some fields like medicine or engineering and indeed the military. Women were constructed by the society as the weaker sex and only suitable for some professions such as nursing and education. The above can be attributed to the lack of strong forums for women to express themselves as well as lack of enough role models for the women. The media back then played a very important role in the lives of the Americans, by 1963, most families owned television sets. Although the flow of news was not as swift and faster as it is the case today, nevertheless most Americans had access to radios and TVs. The limited flow of information into and out of the US meant that most families could not quite comprehend and therefore appreciate other cultures. The above can be attributed to the not so advanced technology as compared to today’s era of internet technology. The education system in 1963 was not very different from what it is today although many amendments have been introduced to the education act. Overly the education system as it existed in 1963 left room for infiltration by racism and marginalization of the racial minorities. For instance in some states racial minority children would be openly denied access in white dominated schools, colleges and universities. Therefore where children would attend school largely depended on amongst others; social background. Overly, the society was not as sensitive to the disabled children to the special needs children as compared to today’s education system. Famous music bands such as the Beatles spiced American entertainment lives. Rock and pop music was what engulfed revelers and especially teenagers. Cinema had also gained popularity as a source of entertainment in the USA. Under the leadership of John F. Kennedy, America was experiencing a lot of political, social, environmental and economic activities. Generally, by 1963, the economy had shown signs of improvements and culturally people where having a more quality life. There were a lot of campaigns geared at fighting for total elimination of all forms of segregation something which often resulted into arrests of crusaders like Martin Luther King Junior. Back then getting admission to University was very much determined by one’s racial background. The year also saw the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 22 and the swearing of Lyndon Johnson as the 36th President of the USA. It is worth noting that during this time, the country was just recovering from an economic depression suffered as a result of the world wars. Americans were awakening on matters like imperialism, civil rights and gender equality. Due to the ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the US a lot of government expenditure was directed towards military activity and covert missions something which might have influenced the onset of the Vietnam War. Americans are today faced with great nutritional problems, compared to 1963 the number of children who are obese and overweight is on the increase. This is not a 21st century problem; it started in the 1960s although the popularity of fast foods has made it look like a 21st century problem. The most common foods back in 1963 included pizza, hamburger, chocolate, coffee for breakfast, and wines and spirits [Cavan, Shonle1969, 79-99]. The children attended schools according to their parents’ abilities although public schools were the choice of majority as they were affordable compared to private schools. In the 1960s Americans had shifted from eating traditional foods to eating of processed foods something which can be attributed to busy lives. There was an increase in obesity incidences in late 1960s, a problem which persists up to date. Of interest also is the fact that more Americans had started to use microwaves to cook, atleast not many used wood stoves. Since a significant portion of the population was still working in farms, fresh farm produce was in big supply and therefore most families included in their meals fresh vegetables, fresh meat, milk, poultry, eggs and butter. Soft drink intake also gained popularity as people became busier and fast food restaurants became very popular. Due to mechanization of farming, food prices went down as the country become self sufficient in terms of food supply (Sanjur, 1995. 45-67). Also fruit and vegetable meals were common as more and more Americans began to appreciate health eating habits. Conclusion The American family has evolved a lot since 1963 up to date. Change is evident in the way people dress, eat, and the way they view the external world. A lot of the above changes have been occasioned by technological advancement, globalization and the advent of internet. The economy has also grown a lot and today more American families earn above average in terms of finances meaning that they can afford a quality life. Works cited Cavan, Shonle, R. The American Family. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. , [1969. 79-99] Sanjur, D. Hispanic Foodways, Nutrition, and Health. Boston . Allyn and Bacon. [1995. 45-67]. Wilentz, S. Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press. [1984. 436-440]. How to cite American family, Essays

Web Programming Framework

Question: Describe the advantages and disadvantages of web programming framework. Answer: Introduction Web Programming Framework or commonly known as Web Application Framework is nothing but a Software Framework which has been developed to support the designing and development of web resources, web services, web applications and dynamic websites. This framework is targeted to support the general activities which are performed in the web development. For example, there are frameworks which provides templates for certain activities, some frameworks do session management, some includes libraries which are very much important for accessing the databases etc. Earlier, with the advent of World Wide Web, static web pages were developed with the use of HTML (Hyper Text Mark-up Language). However, to promote two way interaction and include dynamic activities, CGI (Common Gateway Interface) was introduced (Balat 2009). For this purpose, at the same time, many web based languages started to be developed. A few which were started initially are WebBase, PHP, Cold Fusion, Active Server Pages etc. At present, the developers have a large number of languages available to them to create dynamic web pages. The web applications however, require a lot of libraries to be compiled so as to generate certain activities. Today, a lot of platforms and languages are there which provide a completely compiled version of web development framework which allow the developers to perform all the activities at a single standalone platform. Example of these are WebObjects, ASP.NET, JavaEE, Django etc. Architecture of Web Programming Framework Three Tier Organization In case of Three Tier Organization, the applications are generally developed around 3 tiers of development namely, application, database and client (Cooper 2007). The client is generally web browser which have the functionality to run the HTML pages which are in turn created by the application layer. The application layer contains the main logic and is present at the server side. The database is generally Relational Database Management System (RDBMS). Model-View Controller A lot of frameworks follows the Model View Controller pattern to differentiate the user interface with the data model. It is a best practice to perform code modularization, perform reuse of the codes etc. This is most used model (Fensel, 2002). Types of Web Programming Frameworks Some of the notable web programming frameworks are C, C++, Java, JavaScript, ASP.NET, PHP, Perl Python, Haskell, D etc. These web programming languages are used by the developers all around the world to create web applications and for providing web based services. The web pages are developed with the use of the frameworks and corresponding database and server layers. These help in the creation of static as well as dynamic web pages which helps the user to interact with the web content. Static Web pages are the ones in which there is only one way communication and transfer of information i.e., from the server side to the user side. However, in case of dynamic web pages, the interaction is two way. The queries from the user or client is processed by the server and appropriate response is sent back to the user. These promotes highly interactive sessions during web surfing. The web applications received a big boost with the evolution of web programming frameworks mentioned above as they helped in the creation of web colony by promoting web based chats and forums (Prosise 2002). The most used among the above mentioned frameworks are ASP.NET and Java in association with HTML, C# etc. These frameworks collectively is used for more than 90% of web applications development. The use of the web programming framework is much more in todays world where the advancement in technology is going on at an exponential pace. There may be many more improvements in the existing web programming frameworks in recent times so as to cater to the increasing demand of the users. Advantages of Web Programming Framework There are obviously more advantages then disadvantages of using the Web Programming Framework. Some of the notable advantages are as follows: It provides the developers with great opportunity to generate complex codes due to the presence of function call which comprises of 100 of lines of codes within. The developers get the functions from the framework directly without having to rewrite the entire code for the function (Fensel 2002). The frameworks help the developers to develop the websites and other web applications in a small period of time if required. It contains a lot of pre defined tools which helps in easy development of the web applications (Cooper 2007). Before the advent of these frameworks, the cost of any website or web application development was too high but now the cost has gone considerably down. This results in passing down the margins in form of discounts to the customers which in turn is bringing more customers in the web space. Disadvantages of Web Programming Framework There are obviously more advantages then disadvantages of using the Web Programming Framework. Some of the notable disadvantages are as follows: The presence of varied pre-coded functions are leading to the loss of understanding of the basic codes behind those function in the developers. While using the pre-configured functions, the developers are now not at all bothered about the entire code which is present beneath that function (Balat 2009). Going further to the above point, the developers today are finding it difficult to implement the same solution outside the framework. They are losing the basic understanding which is proving to be very much disadvantageous for them. The frameworks are standard and any customization to the building blocks of the framework is near to impossible. This restricts some developers to carry out certain activities. Conclusion The introduction of the web development framework has come as a boon to the developers. On a larger view point, the entire web society has been reaping the benefits of these frameworks in the last decade. With these frameworks and a few modifications, the world is looking at some more advancement in the web applications and services domain. References Balat, Vincent, Jrme Vouillon, and Boris Yakobowski. "Experience report: ocsigen, a web programming framework." ACM Sigplan Notices 44.9 (2009): 311-316. Barbarosogcaron, G. "A two-stage stochastic programming framework for transportation planning in disaster response." Journal of the Operational Research Society 55.1 (2004): 43-53. Battr, Dominic, et al. "Nephele/PACTs: a programming model and execution framework for web-scale analytical processing." Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing. ACM, 2010. Cooper, Ezra, et al. "Links: Web programming without tiers." Formal Methods for Components and Objects. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. Fensel, Dieter, and Christoph Bussler. "The web service modeling framework WSMF." Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 1.2 (2002): 113-137. Liu, Hua, and Manish Parashar. "Accord: a programming framework for autonomic applications." Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, IEEE Transactions on 36.3 (2006): 341-352. Miller, Robert C., and Krishna Bharat. "SPHINX: a framework for creating personal, site-specific Web crawlers." Computer Networks and ISDN systems 30.1 (1998): 119-130. Prosise, Jeff. Programming Microsoft. NET. Microsoft Press, 2002.

Technical English and General English Essay Example

Technical English and General English Essay English today has become more than the Lingua Franca of the masses. It has become the lifeline. The call of the hour is for the academia to well-equip itself with the most competent language skills. Only then can suitable help be extended to the beneficiaries, the students. My paper will focus on the nature of General and Technical English today. It will also attempt to show how Technical English and General English can be made more student-centric as the Academic language. The second most spoken language in the world and the lingua franca in many professions, English is a culturally rich, exciting field of study, with some 380 million native speakers. Only Chinese and Hindi have more native speakers while Spanish is similar in number. English is also the dominant member of the Germanic languages. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the early 20th century to the present. Through the global influence of native English speakers in cinema, music, broadcasting, science, and the Internet in recent decades, English is now the most widely learned second language in the world, although other colonial languages such as French and Spanish retain much importance worldwide. The Business Week statistics declares that speaking English increases your salary by a minimum of 35%. With all these numbers in mind, let me commence by shifting my focus, first to Technical English. Technical English English for Engineers, as it is known today lays a lot of emphasis on the functional aspect of the language. Comprehension, report writing, composing letters for various occasions and similar technical aspects comprise the language that is learnt by the professionals today. Technical English has more to do with the fine tuning of the learner’s LSRW (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) skills. A focus is placed on Language with prefixes and suffixes, Adjectives and Modals, Infinitives and Gerunds so on and so forth. We will write a custom essay sample on Technical English and General English specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical English and General English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical English and General English specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While explaining these, the teacher often finds that the learner is unable to comprehend these, unless he/she has a basic knowledge of grammar and this is a vicious circle. Where do we begin? The Million dollar question looms large before the tutor. Listening for specific information, for note-taking, making inferences; listening to recorded telephonic conversations and listening to reports and audio texts- all these sound very gratifying in black and white. But how much is effectively employed by the student to refine his language skills? The question is still unanswered. Speaking skills place a lot of importance to pronunciation and accent. Of course, the language labs are extensively used by the institutions to enable the smooth process of enhancing these skills. Out of the lab premises, accent is placed on conversation practice in different situations, self and peer introduction, debates and oral presentations. Since these are not emphasized at the school level, the I year students find the transition difficult. The difficulty arises because the entire syllabi is packed within the first year of study. There is no time to give ample scope for the development of each individual skill. Predicting the content, Skimming the text for the gist, Scanning for specific information dampens the spirit of a poor reader. It is disheartening to say that most of the youngsters today browse more and read and read very less and thereby, are poor readers. It is essential for us to first instill in them the love for reading. Teachers today have to be role models themselves. Thrust must be given to reading books rather just spoon feeding them with the details of the books. A love for literature must be developed in the student. As Sachidananda Mohanty says, â€Å"I do believe that literature has a great relevance in the contemporary context because it is the gateway to liberal education, creativity, humanism and most of all, spirituality. The absence of it deprives citizens of having a rounded personality and an integrated view of life. In today’s world, we find people lacking sensitivity which is manifest in terms of gender violence and other abuses of human rights. It is reflective of the fact that we lack the means to understand life. In the context of late capitalism and affluent society, literature has to be reinvented to serve the interest of humanity that is at crossroads. †(1) When this love for literature is developed, the rest follows suit and there is no need for the teacher to thrust English on the student. The learning will happen automatically and he/she would also evolve as a fuller human being. It is because today’s world is very materialistic and prosaic. The curriculum should add spice to the Technical English syllabus, make it more lovable and rename it, if necessary. Technical English should be extended to at least 4 semesters and its significance in today’s world of communication must be sent across as an important message to the learner. Each semester can be devoted for a particular skill (LSRW) and prose, poetry, drama and such related genres have to be subtly introduced to the young learner. There would be speculations about dealing with high achievers who are very proficient in the language. For such students, the curriculum can be widened to include tougher aspects of language and literature which would be a challenge to them. After all, what is life without spice? Poetry does have a place in our world, a necessary place. Less and less do we find poetry taught in technical schools, and many people say poetry doesn’t belong in our lives. That idea is wrong, sadly wrong. However, a resurgence of teaching literature and poetry has occurred, even to teaching literature to professional students and others in the health-care fields, according to Dr. Pereira. The study and writing of poetry brings much to our lives. The Rev. H. C. Beeching agrees in â€Å"An Address on the Teaching of Poetry† Ambleside Online because the study of poetry sharpens powers of observation and helps one store memories. He states, â€Å" the purpose of poetry is to communicate or extend the joy of life by quickening our emotions. †(2) Peter Pereira, MD, writes in â€Å"The healing power of poetry,† The Writer March 2007, that â€Å"the reading and writing of poems can help us (physicians) develop empathy and thus become better doctors. †(3) Empathy is defined as an emotional connection and understanding. Therefore, Beeching and Pereira agree on that point: the purpose of poetry helps with emotional understanding. Pereira goes on to say that since physicians have less time with their patients than ever, they need to develop listening and interpretive skills. The study of poetry, especially the lyric poem, may be a way for students to learn needed skills. Empathy is using one’s imagination to be in another’s position. Poetry exercises one’s powers of imagination as well as helping to gain skill in the use of language. Doctors, nurses, aides, as well as family members, friends, and business people need those skills. Two other things Pereira believes to be true about the purpose and need for poetry are that reading and writing poetry can help patients facing life-threatening or life-altering illness. I addressed this in my article â€Å"Writing through Troublesome Times. Poetry helps a person to â€Å"vent† and to pour emotions onto paper or computer screen, and then to manage the emotions and pain involved. Pereira’s third idea is that the reading and writing of poetry can help heal the world. The doctor states, â€Å"Poetry of witness has long been a way that cultures and civilizations all over the wor ld remember things – their war stories, the cultural milestones – and give voice to the oppressed or the disappeared. † A way to bring some healing not only to individuals, but to the world, gives poetry a purpose and a need that can’t be ignored. What one should understand is that, what is applicable to the man of medicine is also relevant to the engineer, the architect and every person in every walk of life. And what is proclaimed for poetry is relevant for all genres of literature. The idea may sound far fetched but it is the need of the hour to make the young learner interested in the language. General English General English, on the other hand, is a slightly more palatable form of literature that is presented to the students. Though emphasis is laid on communicative aspects today, the learners are exposed to regular genres of Prose, Poetry, Drama and Short Story. This is coupled with Functional English which includes Comprehension, Note-making, Developing hints and the like. While earlier, the prose pieces prescribed for the learners were not so forthcoming and were not received so well by the I and II year students of General English, the Universities have now studied the pulse of the students. In the last decade, with 2 revisions of the syllabus, it is gratifying to note that E. M. Forster’s â€Å"Challenge of our time† has been replaced with interesting pieces like Sam Horn’s â€Å"How to avoid an argument† and funny ones like â€Å"To know when to say, ‘It’s none of your business’. The teacher is able to evince a visible difference in the understanding and appreciation of such lessons by the learner. These are day to day topics and situations which all people, young and old, come across in everyday life. The student is able to identify himself/herself with the character in the lesson and th e grasping of the idea happens in a facile manner. When authors are introduced with the lesson, literature can be slowly introduced to him/her and their interest can be enthused. They feel motivated to first ick a novel from the library and read it and then pieces of literature can be shown her/his way. There is no denying the need for literature in a person’s life, whatever the language. However, in the past this idea was presented in an exaggerated manner. The curriculum makers were too interested in getting Shakespeare into the young learners’ mind. There was frustration when annotative passages had to be learnt to secure marks. The question arose in the minds of learners: What am I going to do learning the Act and Scene, when I just want to enjoy the story? This is where the frustration began. The focus shifted to identifying the Act and the Scene, rather than the beauty of the Bard of Avon’s poetry in drama. Now, there is a paradigm shift from whole plays of Shakespeare to important scenes from his plays. One-act plays, especially the humourous ones are assimilated by the learner and enjoyment and learning happens at the same time. It is poetry that is still a challenge for the student. At this juncture, I think it is duty to make a mention of the fact that a lion’s share of the syllabus must be devoted for the Indian writers. It is only through these protagonists that one gets to know the Indian culture and tradition which is rich and abundant. Shakespeare is versatile, but so is Kalidasa. Keats is proficient but so is Subramanya Bharathi. What should be communicated to the students is that, despite English being a foreign language, the Indian writers are able to exploit it and present ideas like the native speakers and writers. One finds that the language is simple and closer to the heart. The ideas and situations are our everyday ideas and situations. The mother in the lesson is like our mother, for every Indian mother fits into the mould. That is why, Ezekiel’s â€Å"For Elkana† seems to be like our own family anecdote and A. K. Ramanujan’s â€Å"Obituary† brings memories of the forefathers of our own families. Since Grammar takes a good share of the syllabus, the student is able to equip herself/ himself with what is essential from today’s perspective, yet enjoy the subject and not regard it a burden. More than anything, the English classes have to be interactive and the learners encouraged to be participative. The Soft Skills introduced with this purpose in mind, has to be implemented in a more inclusive and serious manner. More time to be allocated for slow learners and scope must be given to them for participating without inhibitions. All this can happen only if more time is allotted for the language. At the same time, too much should not be thrust into the learner’s mind, for, she/he has to learn other subjects, too. Slowly, yet steadily, this has to be achieved. Grammar for the General English students is still at the basic level as at school. This can be continued with more workbooks compiled by experienced teachers who know the shortcomings of the students. This applies to Technical English learners also. Conclusion Teaching English, or in fact, any language has much in common with any other teaching, but also has its own unique challenges. Among other things, it needs some understanding of how language works, quite a bit of patience, and considerable showmanship. Teaching English as a second language is significantly different than teaching English literature and composition to a high school class of (mostly) native speakers, though of course there is some overlap as well. For one thing, even intelligent adult second language learners make grammar and pronunciation errors on things any four-year-old native speaker knows; an ESL teacher has to teach and correct those. Also, you have to monitor and adjust your own English, speaking slowly and clearly, avoiding slang, sometimes explaining terms, and so on. At any level, the teaching needs to be highly interactive. Too much talk by the teacher is fatal; you cannot teach language-using skills either by lecturing or (except in tiny groups) with a series of one-on-one interactions between the teacher and different students. You must set up situations for students to actually use the language. Often this means introducing some vocabulary and/or grammatical structures on the board or in a listening or reading exercise, then setting up some sort of pairs or group task where students can try it out. Various sorts of discussion, role-playing or game activities are often used. A whole range of props are often used — maps to practice giving directions, newspaper clippings for reading comprehension or summary-writing practice, menus for a restaurant, role-play, pictures for parts-of-the-body or parts-of-a-car, cartoons to provoke discussion, and so on. Sometimes the teacher must find or invent these; sometimes the school has a stock, as in the picture, or they can be borrowed from other teachers. It is fairly common for teachers working overseas to ask friends at home to mail them posters and other props, or to collect props themselves on visits home. If you are going abroad to teach, bring props or mail yourself a batch before leaving home. Getting beginners to speak English is difficult. Techniques include translation, mime, pictures, and a lot of repetition. With young learners, you may be able to make a game of it. With intermediate students, you get questions that strain your knowledge of your own language. If He doesnt have much money is OK, what is wrong with He has much money? Which is better: a big red balloon or a red big balloon? Why? Is the other incorrect or just unusual? Training and grammar reference books can help here, but sometimes the answer is just That is the way we do it. For advanced students, especially in ESP settings, you may need considerable knowledge beyond the language itself. For example, to teach business English above a certain level, you must know quite a bit about business. A major part of the ESP approach is needs analysis, figuring out how your students will use the language. In some situations, needs analysis is a formal process and courses are written to order for specific groups. Often, however, the teacher just does an informal analysis and finds or invents exercises to suit a class. Consider a company somewhere that exports products to English-speaking countries. The engineers might just need to read manuals and product specifications in English; they might never hear, speak or write it. Marketers might need to read the quite different language of orders and contracts, and to both read and write emails in much less formal language. Some of them might also need to talk with customers. Executives might need to handle complex negotiations in English — a task that requires not only excellent spoken English but also business skills and an awareness of cultural differences. Ideally, each of these groups would get a different English course. There are three aims to teach English, technical or general, is just this. The first is to create or to encourage in every student the desire to read the best books, and to know the beauty of literature itself rather than what has been written about literature. The second is to interpret literature both personally and historically, that is, to show how a great book generally reflects not only the authors life and thought but also the spirit of the age and the ideals of the nations history. The third aim is to show, by a study of each successive period, how iterature has steadily developed from its first simple songs and stories to its present complexity in prose and poetry. General English, with its prose, poetry other genres of literature has versatility. It has the technical aspects of Semantics and Grammar, too. With Prose and poetry, one can see the aesthetic beauty of the language. One can dwell in the world of his own creativity or relate to the writer, empathize with the auth or or sympathize with the poet. The reader can drink the grandeur of the language. Today, the curriculum includes variety through drama, novels, short stories, prose pieces and poems. But only if the grammatical skill is strengthened, they can place down their exposition of these aspects of literature. This should start at the grass root level. More thrust on Communication skills should be made. That’s the need of the hour. Technical English is without frills and laces. But what is life without colour, gaiety and beauty? A young reader/student must be given an opportunity to enjoy and assimilate the magnificence of language. But Technical English is formal, down-to-earth approach to the language. It puts you through the English that is required for the profession. The time frame to learn is limited and it narrows down to the necessary details of Grammar and Comprehension and its likes. If it is extended to the other 2 years of the Technical students’ curriculum, justice can be done. Otherwise, it becomes namesake. Hence, it is combined responsibility of the academia and the curriculum-makers to blend in the necessary requisites to suit the students’ special needs of English. References: (1) www. amazon. com (2) http://www. amblesideonline. org (3) http://www. amblesideonline. org PRESENTED BY: MS. REMA. V LECTURER IN ENGLISH G. S. S. JAIN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN VEPERY CHENNAI-7

Battle of Berlin in World War II

Battle of Berlin in World War II The Battle of Berlin was a sustained and ultimately successful attack on the German city by the Allied forces in the Soviet Union from April 16–May 2, 1945, during World War II (1939–1945). Armies Commanders Allies: Soviet Union Marshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Konstantin RokossovskyMarshal Ivan KonevGeneral Vasily Chuikovapprox. 2,500,000 men Axis: Germany General Gotthard HeinriciGeneral Kurt von TippelskirchField Marshal Ferdinand Schà ¶rnerLieutenant General Hellmuth ReymannGeneral Helmuth WeidlingMajor General Erich Brenfngerapprox. 766,750 men Background Having driven across Poland and into Germany, Soviet forces began planning for an offensive against Berlin. Though supported by American and British aircraft, the campaign would be entirely conducted by the Red Army on the ground. General Dwight D. Eisenhower saw no reason to sustain losses for an objective that would ultimately fall into the Soviet occupation zone after the war. For the offensive, the Red Army massed Marshal Georgy Zhukovs 1st Belorussian Front to the east of Berlin with Marshal Konstantin Rokossovkys 2nd Belorussian Front to the north and Marshal Ivan Konevs 1st Ukrainian Front to the south. Opposing the Soviets was General Gotthard Heinricis Army Group Vistula supported by Army Group Centre to the south. One of Germanys premier defensive generals, Heinrici elected not to defend along the Oder River and instead heavily fortified the Seelow Heights east of Berlin. This position was supported by successive lines of defenses extending back to the city as well as by inundating the Oders floodplain by opening reservoirs. Defense of the capital proper was tasked to Lieutenant General Helmuth Reymann. Though their forces looked strong on paper, Heinrici and Reymanns divisions were badly depleted. The Attack Begins Moving forward on April 16, Zhukovs men assaulted the Seelow Heights. In one of the last major pitched battles of World War II in Europe, the Soviets captured the position after four days of fighting but sustained over 30,000 killed. To the south, Konevs command captured Forst and broke into open country south of Berlin. While part of Konevs forces swung north towards Berlin, another pressed west to unite with advancing American troops. These breakthroughs saw Soviet troops nearly envelop the German 9th Army. Pushing westward, 1st Belorussian Front approached Berlin from the east and northeast. On April 21, its artillery began shelling the city. Encircling the City As Zhukov drove on the city, the 1st Ukrainian Front continued to make gains to the south. Driving back the northern part of Army Group Center, Konev compelled that command to retreat towards Czechoslovakia. Pushing forward north of Juterbog on April 21, his troops passed south of Berlin. Both of these advances were supported by Rokossovsky to the north who was advancing against the northern part of Army Group Vistula. In Berlin, Adolf Hitler began to despair and concluded that the war was lost. In an effort to rescue the situation, the 12th Army was ordered east on April 22 in the hope it could unite with 9th Army. The Germans then intended for the combined force to aid in defending the city. The next day, Konevs front completed the encirclement of the 9th Army while also engaging the lead elements of the 12th. Unhappy with Reymanns performance, Hitler replaced him with General Helmuth Weidling. On April 24, elements of Zhukov and Konevs fronts met west of Berlin completing the encirclement of the city. Consolidating this position, they began probing the citys defenses. While Rokossovsky continued to advance in the north, part of Konevs front met the American 1st Army at Torgau on April 25. Outside of the City With Army Group Centre disengaging, Konev faced two separate German forces in the form of the 9th Army which was trapped around Halbe and the 12th Army which was attempting to break into Berlin. As the battle progressed, 9th Army attempted to break out and was partially successful with around 25,000 men reaching 12th Armys lines. On April 28/29, Heinrici was to be replaced by General Kurt Student.  Until Student could arrive (he never did), command was given to General Kurt von Tippelskirch. Attacking northeast, General Walther Wencks 12th Army had some success before being halted 20 miles from the city at Lake Schwielow. Unable to advance and coming under attack, Wenck retreated towards the Elbe and U.S. forces. The Final Battle Within Berlin, Weidling possessed around 45,000 men composed of Wehrmacht, SS, Hitler Youth, and Volkssturm militia. Initial Soviet assaults on Berlin began on April 23, a day before the city was encircled. Striking from the southeast, they met heavy resistance but reached the Berlin S-Bahn railway near Teltow Canal by the following evening. On April 26, Lieutenant General Vasily Chuikovs 8th Guards Army advanced from the south and attacked Tempelhof Airport. By the next day, Soviet forces were pushing into the city along multiple lines from the south, southeast, and north. Early on April 29, Soviet troops crossed Moltke Bridge and began attacks on the Interior Ministry. These were slowed by a lack of artillery support. After capturing Gestapo headquarters later that day, the Soviets pressed on to the Reichstag. Assaulting the iconic building the next day, they succeeded in famously hoisting a flag over it after hours of brutal fighting. A further two days were needed to completely clear the Germans from the building. Meeting with Hitler early on April 30, Weidling informed him that the defenders would soon run out of ammunition. Seeing no other option, Hitler authorized Weidling to attempt a breakout. Unwilling to leave the city and with the Soviets nearing, Hitler and Eva Braun, who were married on April 29, remained in the Fà ¼hrerbunker and then committed suicide later in the day. With Hitlers death, Grand Admiral Karl Doenitz became president while Joseph Goebbels, who was in Berlin, became chancellor. On May 1, the citys remaining 10,000 defenders were forced into a shrinking area in the city center. Though General Hans Krebs, Chief of the General Staff, opened surrender talks with Chuikov, he was prevented from coming to terms by Goebbels who wished to continue the fight. This ceased to be an issue later in the day when Goebbels committed suicide.? Though the way was clear to surrender, Krebs elected to wait until the following morning so that a breakout could be attempted that night. Moving forward, the Germans sought to escape along three different routes. Only those who passed through the Tiergarten had success penetrating the Soviet lines, though few successfully reached American lines. Early on May 2, Soviet forces captured the Reich Chancellery. At 6:00 am, Weidling surrendered with his staff. Taken to Chuikov, he promptly ordered all remaining German forces in Berlin to surrender. Battle of Berlin Aftermath The Battle of Berlin effectively ended fighting on the Eastern Front and in Europe as a whole. With Hitlers death and complete military defeat, Germany unconditionally surrendered on May 7. Taking possession of Berlin, the Soviets worked to restore services and distribute food to the citys inhabitants. These efforts at humanitarian aid were somewhat marred by some Soviet units which plundered the city and assaulted the populace. In the fighting for Berlin, the Soviets lost 81,116 killed/missing and 280,251 wounded. German casualties are a matter of debate with early Soviet estimates being as high as 458,080 killed and 479,298 captured. Civilian losses may have been as high as 125,000.

Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Environmental Analysis - Essay Example The Company has been appearing as the sales leader among global automakers in China over the last four years. In 2008, the estimated market shares of the GM in China were 12.1percent of the total GM Sales (GMChina). In this report, the environment analysis of GM China has been done. Through PESTLE analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, SWOT Analysis and other theoretical models, the current situation of GM in China has been analysed. External Analysis PESTLE Analysis Political Two factors are contributing to the growth and development of automobile industry of China: first, the suitable domestic policies and market openings: second, supply of vehicles and parts throughout the country in the logistic and commercial aspects (Kamiya & Ramirez, 2004). Chinese government authorities including local and central government do not only issue the automobile industry development plans but they are also involved in the operations of the companies to maintain such developments (Bungsche , 2007). Government of China has eliminated most of the fixed fees imposed on vehicles such as road maintenance fees of around $210 per year (Brogan, 2009). In 2010, Chinese government has introduced policies that could support new-energy auto industry. In the new policy, government is paying a subsidiary of up to 50,000 Yuan to any individual who buys a hybrid vehicle and 60,000 Yuan to any individual who buys battery electric vehicle or all-electric vehicle (Xinhua, 2010). The Chinese government is planning to pursue a new policy which could encourage industry consolidation thereby, promoting the development of Chinese-brand passenger cars and it has been estimated that by 2015 domestic sedans will be 40% of nation’s car market (Chinacartimes, 2010). This example shows that Chinese government aims to promote domestic car industry. Chinese government has imposed 10% sales tax on small cars which is effective from Januray 1, 2011. Analysts argue that small cars comprise of 60 percent of all passengers cars in China therefore, this policy of government will stop the growth of small cars thereby, increasing the demand of foreign companies especially the U.S. companies which have comparative advantage in manufacturing large cars (Hsu, 2010). The government inclination towards local companies is also evident from subsidies in China. According to an auto analyst, Zhang Zhiyong, the subsidies in China only promote local protection and they do not consider the model lines and technological improvements brought by foreign companies. Zhang Zhiyong argues that Chinese government should use subsidies to promote domestic automobiles which do not always mean foreign or local companies, rather it includes the companies which have significant ties with the city (Chinaenvironmentallaw, 2010). Economic Gross domestic product (GDP) has increased from 7.6 percent year-of-year in 1999 to 11.9 percent on 2007 (World Bank, 2008). In 2010, the GDP has grown by 10 percent (Chi natoday, 2011). Consumer price index (CPI) has increased from 98.6 percent year-of-year in 1999 to 104.8 percent in 2007 (World Bank

Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Culture - Essay Example Observing the night skies could have also been used by the ancient Chinese as a guide like how travellers depend on the North Star. Earliest records of stars were found carved on bones and shells. One very significant record made by ancient Chinese astronomers was that of a solar eclipse in 2136 BC, the first human record of a solar eclipse in the world found encrypted on a bone. In 2006, a stone carving of what is believed to be the Big Dipper was found by Wu Jiaca in Inner Mongolia and is predicted to have been carved in 4000 BC. The position of the carving was on the north side of the stone, pointing to the direction of the said constellation. Carvings and maps of the stars by ancient Chinese astronomers were found by some European at Dunhuang, a major resting place before travelling into the western deserts. It was speculated that the maps were used by the travellers to guide them along the Silk Road. The maps dated to 700 AD and contain 1,350 stars arranged in the manner on how one sees the horizon. The oldest star map known in Chinese history dates back to the Warring States Period (403-211 BC). It was made by Shi Shen and was already been missing. Other maps were at the Ancient Beijing Observatory and the International Dunhuang Project of the British Library. The long years of watching the moon, stars and the sun by the ancient Chinese astronomers led to the birth of the Chinese calendar. Observation of the sun, the moon and the stars is very important in predicting the reoccurrence of an event. The first Chinese calendar was said to be lunisolar or based on both the lunar and the solar cycles. The Huangdi Li, Zhuanxu Li, Xia Li, Yin Li, Zhou Li, and Lu Li were some of the earliest formal calendars accepted. There was an estimated 102 Chinese calendars that have been developed and revised from the Xia dynasty (2070-1600 BC) to the Qing Dynasty (1645-1911) until finally the Chinese

Chemical Safety In Schools Environmental Sciences Essay

Chemical Safety In Schools Environmental Sciences Essay Chemistry plays an important role in human civilization. It enables us to formulate substances important for disease treatment, fertilize plants and provide fuel for transportation ( ). For many years, chemistry has been considered the central science due to its significant connections and overlap with other sciences. If a scientific discipline involves matter, chances are that chemistry plays an important role. Therefore, we will always need people who have a good knowledge of chemistry. As expressed by Beach and Stone (1988) chemistry education without laboratory is like painting without colors and canvas or learning how to ride a bike by reading its operating manual (Tezcan and Bilgin, 2004). The study of chemistry in schools equips students with knowledge in the classroom and skills of conducting experiments in laboratories during practical sessions that are scheduled once a week for a period of two to three hours (MOH, 2001). 2.1.2 Hazards Chemical in the School Experiments The teaching of chemistry at secondary school includes the use of hazardous chemical, which is essential for the understanding of chemistry fundamentals. Example of hazardous chemicals that are available at school chemistry laboratory are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, natrium hydroxide, hydrogen sulfate, ammonium sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, propanol and acetone (MOH, 2000). These chemicals are classified as hazardous chemicals to health under the Malaysia Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000. In view of their hazardous characteristics, the government through the Department of Occupational Safety and Health regulates labelling and packaging of these chemicals. A specific law pertaining to these hazardous chemicals, the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997 (MDC, 2005), was established under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) later revised based on the Global Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals to enforce the regulation. The chemicals are classified as hazardous based on their physicochemical characteristics and toxicity to human. Oxidizing and flammable chemicals have the potential to cause fire while corrosive and toxic chemicals have the potential to cause external and internal body injuries. For example, volatile organic compound such as acetone, ethanol and formaldehyde have been suggested to cause a nervous system disorder experienced by workers known as solvent syndrome, due to prolonged exposure to organic solvents (Dalton et al., 1997; John Gary, 2001; Kiesswetter et al., 1994; Medinsky et al., 1995). Malaysian Occupational Safety Health (Act 514) and Occupational Safety Health Regulation 2000 (Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health) specify the permissible exposure level (PEL). The PEL is the maximum time-weighte d average concentration of hazardous chemicals in the air of working area that workers can be exposed without the need to wear personal protective equipment and the PEL for acetone, ethanol and formaldehyde are 1187.0, 1880.0 and 0.4 mg/m3, respectively (MDC, 2005). 2.1.3 Safety Precautions In view of the physical and health hazards of the chemicals, there is requires the implementation of safety precaution and hazard control to reduce the risk of exposure to the chemical hazards. Safety precaution differs based on the type of the chemical hazards. Safety precautions differ based on the type chemical hazards. General safety precaution is personal hygiene whereby the user as advice: To wash hand Wear lab coat No eating and drinking Wear covered shoes Wear eye protection (goggles) Example of additional safety precautions in 2.1.4 Responsibility of Chemistry Teachers The teacher is a key figure in implementing the teaching of chemical science because, without a teacher, students cannot carry out the science practicum well. These students would have had no scientific competence, no skill in conducting experiments, and they would not be able to make observations and analyze experimental data (Senior High School Chemistry Practice in Pekanbaru Riau, 2012). Schools very much rely on chemistry teachers and laboratory staff (laboratory assistants and technicians) in managing the chemistry laboratory. Their tasks include the inventory, storage, repackaging, preparation of experiment reagent, conducting practical curriculum, cleaning of the apparatus and waste collection. Therefore, they play a big role in the practice and regulation of chemical safety in the school chemistry laboratory. Furthermore, they must also provide information and training to the students at every stage of experiment planning and be there to observe, supervise, instruct, and corr ect during the experimentation (School Chemistry Laboratory Safety Guide, 2006). Teachers and teacher-aides should lead by example they should wear personal protective equipment, follow and enforce safety rules, procedures and practices, as well as demonstrated safe behavior and promote a culture of safety. They should be proactive in every aspect of laboratory safety and make, safety a priority. Figure 1 is a checklist for teachers that highlight essential information for working in a high school laboratory. This is a general safety checklist and should be periodically re-evaluated for updates (School Chemistry Laboratory safety Guide NIOSH, 2006). Upkeep of Laboratory and Equipment Recordkeeping Safety and Emergency Procedures Maintenance of Chemicals 2.1.5 Chemical Hazard Symbols (Pictograms) In referring to the Global Harmonized System regulation, each package of chemical and the respective storage place should be clearly labelled with the relevant hazard symbol (pictogram) to communicate the related hazard, subsequently to reduce risk of chemical exposure of the incident. The hazards pictograms or symbols have been standard would be in hygiene______ and ______ Hazard and risk warning signs (label) of chemicals are something that anyone entering into laboratories should understand and be familiar. They are commonly assigned to each chemical in order to draw the attention of users and to classify chemicals according to their characteristics. The knowledge of potential hazards and risks of chemicals and understanding their labels would help to make correct choices and safe utilization and handling of chemicals. These procedures, ultimately, would help to avoid chemical-related accidents on individuals and the environment. There are different approaches to assign hazard-warning signs (labels) to chemicals in order to communicate to the user for their safe handling in laboratories and design safety measures to avoid preventable hazards on users. These labels (warning sign) consist of different colors and pictures and intended to provide information about properties of chemicals such as flammability, toxicity, explosive, corrosive, oxidizing, ir ritating and harmfulness. Understanding or becoming familiar with the labels of these properties would help to avoid unwanted but preventable hazards of laboratory chemicals. Therefore, for safety reasons, individuals working in chemistry laboratories and in other laboratories that involve the use of chemicals are supposed to be aware of the potential hazards of laboratory chemicals and become familiar with the warning sign of each chemical in use. Chemical storage areas can be the most dangerous places in most facilities. Placing the correct warning signs and labels around chemicals is essential to maintaining workplace safety. Hazard symbols are designed to warn about hazardous materials or locations. The use of hazard symbols is regulated by law and directed by standards organizations. Table 1.2: Physical Hazards Hazard Symbol (Old) Symbol (New) Description Explosive C:UsersSONYDesktopex-l.gif Risk of Explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition. Handle substance very carefully Do not smoke Keep away from all sources of ignition Oxidizing http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/ox-l.gif May cause fire due to chemical reaction of Organic peroxides Keep substance tightly lidded when not in use Keep substance separate from other substances Extremely Flammable http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/fire-l.gif Highly Flammable http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/fire-l.gif Risk of fire Has a flashpoint of below 21oC Keep away from all sources of ignition Wear rubber soled shoes when using to avoid sparks from static electricity Do not smoke Keep substance tightly lidded in a suitable metal cabinet when not in use Flammable http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/fire-l.gif Table 1.2: Health Hazards Hazard Symbol (Old) Symbol (New) Description Very Toxic http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/skull-l.gif May cause irreversible health problems or even death if inhaled, ingested or if it enters the skin. Wear suitable toxic mask, gloves, eye face protection DO NOT breathe vapours, dusts or mists Avoid contact with skin eyes Toxic http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/skull-l.gif Harmful http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/x-l.gif Corrosive http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/corro-l.gif Irritant http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/images/x-l.gif Source: Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of chemicals, United Nations New York and Geneva, 2005. 2.1.6 Chemical Safety and Data Sheet Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) also known as (SDS), (MSDS) or (PSDS) is an important component of product stewardship and workplace safety. The CSDS, prepared by a product manufactured or distributed by a supplier, contains more information about the chemical than its label. A CSDS is a document that contains information on the potential health effects of exposure to chemicals, or other potentially dangerous substance, and on safe working procedures when handling a chemical product. It is an essential starting point for the development of a complete health and safety program. The document containing finding of the evaluations on the use, storage, handling and emergency procedures related to a specific chemical. The purpose is to communicate the hazards of the product, safe to use the product, possible consequences if the recommendations are not followed, actions to take if accidents occur, as well as symptoms of overexposure and steps to follow if such incidents occur. In Malaysia, as specified in Classification, Packaging Labelling Regulation 1997, chemical suppliers must supply MSDS as part of the requirement for a sale. The recent USECHH regulation 2000 also requires all chemical industry users to have each chemicals MSDS on hand prior to the usage of the chemical in their workplace. Therefore, an MSDS is a very useful source of safety and health information that will help create a safer practice when dealing with chemicals. The information in the CSDS is divided into sections as below: Product Identification Provide general identification of the chemicals. Example: Synonyms, CAS No., Molecular Weight, Chemical Formula, Product Codes (if applicable) Composition / Information on Ingredient Provide the percentage or concentration of the chemical. Some may provide additional hazard information such as PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit), TLV (Threshold Limit Value) etc. Therefore, the seriousness of the chemicals can be referred. Hazards Identification Provide the degree of hazard with reference to: Health rating Flammability rating Reactivity rating Contact rating Additional information may include the potential health effects and symptom through inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, eye contact, chronic exposure aggravation of pre-existing conditions (if applicable) First Aid Measures To provide first aid attention prior to the arrival of the physician when accident takes place. The piece of information provided may refer to the chemical accident due to: Inhalation Ingestion Dermal Contact Eye Contact Fire Fighting Measures Provide details on the Flash point, Auto Ignition Temperature, Flammability of the chemical product and Explosion capability information. Additional information may include of the proper methods of using fire extinguishing media (dry chemical, foam, water or carbon dioxide) and type of suitable fire fighting protective clothing used during a fire emergency. Accidental Release Measures Provide some essential guideline to deal with for instance how to deal with chemical spillage, ventilation provision, contain and recover liquid when spilled etc. Handling Storage Provide detail to conduct, handling and storing at a safer way. These may include: How to protect the chemical? How to store the chemicals (environment factors consideration)? Is it compatible with other chemicals when stored together? How to use it at a safer way? Exposure Controls/ Personal Protection Provide details how to control the exposure of employees at the workplace when using such chemical, for example: Ventilation system PPE (Respirator, safety goggle, glove, SCBA, apron etc) for skin, eye and other bodily related protection Physical / Chemical Properties Provide detail of some of properties of chemical, for instance: Appearance (clear, colorless, milky etc) Odor (type of smell of product) Solubility (Water soluble, slight solubility etc) pH Boiling point, melting point (OC or F) Vapor density Vapor pressure Evaporation rate Stability Reactivity Provide some details on: Stability and reactivity of the chemical (e.g. during storage) Type of hazardous decomposition products (e.g. release of certain gases such as CO2 when heated) Compatibilities with other chemicals (for example acrylic acid is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents) Toxicological Information This section may refer to the toxicity of the chemical with reference to the LD 50 and LC 50. The lower the value of the LC the more hazardous will be the chemical Ecological Information Provide some detail on ecological impact of the chemical when it is used or discharged to the air, water or soil. Therefore, the user could take some precautious or probably engineering control when deal with this chemical Disposal Considerations Applied for the chemical that couldnt be recycled, saved or recovered and is considered as hazardous waste. (Must comply with local requirements) Transport Information Provide some detail on the identification during transportation of chemical for both domestic and international purposes Regulatory Information Provide some details of the regulatory information from different relevant countries. Additional item would be the inclusive of Hazchem Code from Australia Other Information Provide certain information on for example, NFPA rating in term of health, flammability and reactivity rating. Label hazard warning. (E.g. DANGER! MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED) Label pre-cautious. (E.g. Do not breathe vapor or mist) Label of first aid. (E.g. Do not induce vomiting, give large plenty of water) Product use (if applicable) An example of the CSDS is describe in Appendix. Interactive Multimedia Courseware An information technology innovation that emerged drastically leads to an improvement of its uses in teaching and learning, hence allowing multimedia software to be a popular teacher and nowadays (Mona Masood Nor Azilah Ngah, 2003). Interactive multimedia roused in 1990 where innovative educators started to think of the implication of new media if being adapted to teaching and learning environment. This technological development leads on changes in every life sector consists of education, economy, social and others (G. Torrisi-Steele, 2005). Definition of multimedia The definitions of Interactive Multimedia described in published articles seem to vary between authors. Below are some of the definitions: Fenrich (1997) described multimedia as the exciting combination of computer hardware and software that allows users to integrate video, animation, audio, graphics, and test resources to develop effective presentations on an affordable desktop computer. Phillips (1997) characterized multimedia by the presence of text, pictures, sound, animation and video, some or all of which organized into a coherent program. Multimedia is a multi-sensory interactive user experience, which is defined as a combination of at least one continuous (i.e. sound and video) and one discrete (i.e. text and images) medium (Neo and Neo, 2004). Interactive Multimedia, as described by the encyclopedia Britannica Online, is defined as any computer-delivered electronic system that allows the user to control, combines, and manipulate different types of media, such as text, sound, video, computer graphics, and animation. Types of Multimedia The challenge of multimedia to humanity is thinking through the variety of multimedia artifacts and asking about the clusters of work that can be aggregated into categories such as Web hypermedia, Computer games, Digital Art and Multimedia Encyclopedia. Web hypermedia refers to a work created to explore the possibilities for hypertext and multimedia in education. Most commercially successful multimedia works are computer games. Games like Myst introduced consumers of all ages to the effective use of images, animations, and environmental sound to create a fictional world characterized by navigation and puzzle solving. Digital art has been using multimedia to create interactive installations that are controlled by computers and use multiple media. These playful works are exhibited in galleries and museums as works of art that bring multimedia into the traditions of art exhibition. A common form of educational and reference multimedia is the multimedia encyclopedia like the Encyclopedia Britannica Online and Microsofts Encarta (on CD-ROM). Components of Multimedia Courseware According to Fenrich (1997), media categories incorporated into an instructional multimedia package are as follows: The text is the most common medium of presenting information. It is also used to communicate a concept or an idea. It should effectively complement the other media. Factors that influence the textual communication are typeface, font and style, kerning, antialiasing, animation, special effects, special characters and hypertext. While dealing with text in a multimedia, it is very important to note that, it is not the only means of communication. In multimedia, text is most often used for titles, headlines, menus, navigation and content. Overcrowding of text on a single page should be avoided. Audio is another vital media in a multimedia presentation. Audio is available in different file formats and choosing the appropriate file format is important to maximize its performance on the multimedia. Sound editors play an important role in converting file formats and enhancing the quality of sound. In most cases, sound files are imported and edited for a multimedia application. Video in multimedia is an extremely useful communication tool for presentations. It illustrates ideas and concepts better than static two-dimensional pictures besides capturing real world events. Video files occupy enormous space and there are two recommendations: Use very short video clips (not exceeding a minute or two) Use highly compressed video files such as MPEG. One could also transform AVI files to MPEG files. Graphics are the most commonly used element of multimedia. The richness of multimedia and effective communication is achieved through graphic presentations. The attributes of color, texture, pattern and animation enrich a multimedia presentation. A very popular and a chief element of multimedia is animation. The key concepts of computer animation are key frames and tweening. Animation is a simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures or frames. Animation is strictly a visual illusion. It builds dynamism, energy and motion onto inanimate objects. It also adds the dimension of time to graphics. Computer animation is relevant to multimedia as all the presentations are developed on the computer. Multimedia Interactivity Barker (1994) defines interactivity in learning as a necessary and fundamental mechanism for knowledge acquisition and the development of both cognitive and physical skills. Scientific research shows that the process of remembering in the human brain is faster when people receive much emphasis in various forms for a short period. The concept of interactivity in multimedia helps the human brain to improve the process of learning (Application of multimedia Technology in University Teaching-4). Examination of 75 learning studies (Bosco, 1986; Fletcher, 1990) found that people learn faster and have better attitudes toward learning the material when they learn in an interactive instructional environment (, 2003). Thus, the interactivity is seen an important character for an effective multimedia courseware. Damarin (1982) identified a series of interactive options, which include watching, finding, doing, using, constructing, and creating. While Ambron and Hooper (1988) described interactivity as a state in which users are able to browse, annotate, link and elaborate within a rich, nonlinear database. Hence, interactivity is seen to boost motivation in learning. Motivation is another important factor that should be considered when designing multimedia courseware. Ideally, users should experience an intrinsic desire to engage in the presentation; being interested in completing the task for their own sake rather than because of any value attached to their completion. For meaningful learning to occur, it is important to design for intrinsic motivation on the part of its users (Biggs and Moore, 1993). Intervention Tool for Chemical Safety Education Multimedia enables a way for learners to experience simultaneous graphic, video and audio, rather than in a sequential manner. Moreover, multimedia can provide an enhanced or augmented learning experience at low cost per unit. The power of multimedia can be unleashed to provide long-term benefits to all. Multimedia enrich the learning experience through exploration and discovery. The process of learning can become more goals oriented, participatory, flexible in aspects of time and space, and tailored to individual learning styles. Multimedia allows learning to become fun and friendly, without fear of inadequacies or failure (, 2003). It uses natural information-processing abilities that we already possess. Our eyes and ears, in conjunction with our brain, form a formidable system for transforming meaningless data into information. Another advantage of multimedia courseware over the text-based variety is that the multimedia is visually more simulating. Even when the courseware include s only a few images of little pedagogical value, it at least provides relief from the screen of text and stimulates the eye. (, 2003). 2.3 Learning Aided by Instructional Design using Interactive Multimedia Courseware Instructional Design is a discipline of study and has evolved over the last forty years as a science. It is a young field inspired from areas of communication, psychology and media to form its own theory. Various authors have defined instructional design in their own way. McArdle (1991) defines Instructional Design simply as using a systematic process to understand a human performance problem, figuring out what to do about it and then doing something about it. Richey (1986) defines Instructional Design as the science of creating detailed specifications for the development, evaluation and maintenance situations that facilitate learning. Briggs (1977) defines Instructional Design as the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet the needs. Learning is primarily the process through which we become the person we are, and it takes place through a variety of media, strategies, and processes, of which interactive multimedia are just one of them. Using these media and technologies, we internalize information and knowledge available in the external world to construct our own experiences (, 2004). Individuals learn, retain, and transfer information better through (Interactive Multimedia in Education and Training, 2004): Table 1.1: Principles that influence the effectiveness of multimedia as described by No. Principle Details 1 Multimedia principle When the instructional environment involves words and pictures alone 2 Modality principle When the instructional environment involves auditory narration and animation rather than on-screen text and animation 3 Redundancy principle When the instructional environment involves narration and animation rather than on-screen text, narration, and animation 4 Coherence principle When the instructional environment is free of extraneous words, pictures and sounds 5 Signalling principle When the instructional environment involves cueing, or signals, that guide an individuals attention and processing during a multimedia presentation 6 Contiguity principle Where words or narration and pictures or narration are presented simultaneously in time and space 7 Segmentation principle Where individuals experience concurrent narration and animation in short, user-controlled segments, rather than as a long continuous presentation